Second layer
Operational and procurement facts
What each rail costs, who holds the money and under which licence, how a payee cashes out, how long it has operated, what moved through it, and how far an institution's standard vendor due diligence would get. Facts with evidence, never scores, and never combined with the CROPS ratings.
How to read this
- Five states. Evidenced a document or chain state anyone can re-check; Attested the provider says it exists but it is available only under NDA; Absent evidence that it does not exist; N/A there is no operator to hold the control, so it falls to whoever deploys the rail; Unknown nobody has looked.
- Volumes are verified only. A figure appears only when it was computed from public chain logs by a query you can re-run. Rails whose settlement cannot be observed say so.
- Operator-free rails show many "not applicable" cells. That is not a pass or a fail: an institution running the client itself holds those controls and should assess itself against them.
| Provider | Custody | Licences | Cash-out | First deployment | Entity | Volume | Repo practice | Due diligence | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Checkout and invoicing 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Coinbase Commerce (Onchain Payment Protocol)Base | Self-custody | Absent | N/A: falls to the institution | 2024-10-14 | Coinbase Bermuda Technologies Limited | Unknown | 2 (+6 partial) of 11 | 17 evidenced 0 attested · 6 absent 4 n/a · 18 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Daimo PayBase | Provider-custodial | Absent | N/A: falls to the institution | 2026-06-23 | Daimo, Inc. | Unknown | 1 of 11 | 11 evidenced 0 attested · 13 absent 0 n/a · 21 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Request NetworkBase | Self-custody | Absent | N/A: falls to the institution | 2024-02-20 | Request Network Stiftung (Request Network Foundation) | Unknown | 1 (+9 partial) of 11 | 22 evidenced 0 attested · 1 absent 22 n/a · 0 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cards 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Bitget Wallet CardArbitrum OneSettles in USD24, EUR24, CHF24 +1 · platform token | Provider-custodial | 1 in CH | card spend, bank transfer | 2024-11-12 | SR Saphirstein AG (Fiat24) | Unknown | Unknown | 14 evidenced 0 attested · 0 absent 0 n/a · 31 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 SafePal CardArbitrum OneSettles in USD24, EUR24, CHF24 +1 · platform token | Provider-custodial | 1 in CH | card withdrawal, bank transfer | 2024-11-12 | SR Saphirstein AG | Not observable | Unknown | 7 evidenced 0 attested · 0 absent 0 n/a · 38 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Ethena PayAvalanche C-ChainSettles in USDe, USDC · stablecoin | Hybrid | Unknown | card spend, atm, bank transfer | 2026-06-02 | Ethena Pay Ltd. | Not observable | Unknown | 9 evidenced 0 attested · 0 absent 0 n/a · 36 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Tuyo CardBaseSettles in USDC · stablecoin | Unknown | Attested | card spend, atm, bank transfer | 2025-02-25 | Tuyo, Inc. | Not observable | 5 of 11 | 10 evidenced 1 attested · 6 absent 0 n/a · 28 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Wirex OneBaseSettles in WUSD, WEUR · platform token | Hybrid | 1 in GB | card withdrawal, atm, bank transfer | 2025-04-29 | Wirex Limited | Not observable | 0 of 11 | 10 evidenced 0 attested · 11 absent 0 n/a · 24 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Holyheld CardEthereumSettles in USDC · stablecoin | Provider-custodial | 1 in CH | card withdrawal, bank transfer | 2023-03-12 | Holyheld Labs AG | Unknown | 2 of 11 | 11 evidenced 0 attested · 9 absent 0 n/a · 25 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Payy CardEthereumSettles in USDC · stablecoin | Provider-custodial | Unknown | card withdrawal, atm | 2026-02-17 | Zeplo, Inc. (d/b/a Payy) | Not observable | 7 of 11 | 13 evidenced 1 attested · 4 absent 0 n/a · 27 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Gnosis PayGnosis ChainSettles in EURe, GBPe, USDC.e · stablecoin | Hybrid | 2 in LT, GB | card withdrawal, atm, bank transfer | 2023-12-13 | Gnosis Pay Co Ltd | Not observable | 0 (+10 partial) of 11 | 21 evidenced 0 attested · 2 absent 1 n/a · 21 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 MetaMask CardLineaSettles in USDC, USDT, WETH +5 · stablecoin, other token, platform token | Hybrid | 1 in LT | card withdrawal, atm | 2024-03-06 | MONAVATE ONCHAIN LTD (formerly Baanx.com Ltd) | Not observable | 8 of 11 | 15 evidenced 0 attested · 3 absent 0 n/a · 27 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ether.fi CashOP MainnetSettles in USDC, USDT, EURC · stablecoin | Hybrid | Unknown | card withdrawal, atm, bank transfer | 2026-03-27 | Ether.Fi SEZC | Unknown | 6 of 11 | 21 evidenced 0 attested · 5 absent 0 n/a · 19 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Exa CardOP MainnetSettles in USDC, exaUSDC · stablecoin, other token | Hybrid | Unknown | card withdrawal, atm, bank transfer | 2025-04-08 | EXA LABS S.A.S. | Unknown | 0 (+7 partial) of 11 | 22 evidenced 0 attested · 4 absent 0 n/a · 19 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Plasma OnePlasmaSettles in USDT0 · stablecoin | Hybrid | Unknown | card spend, bank transfer | 2026-03-19 | Plasma (exempted company with limited liability) | Unknown | Unknown | 7 evidenced 0 attested · 0 absent 0 n/a · 38 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Fuse CardSolanaSettles in USDC · stablecoin | Hybrid | 1 in US | card spend, atm, bank transfer | 2023-03-20 | Selimor Investments Limited (d/b/a Squads) | Unknown | 1 (+8 partial) of 11 | 16 evidenced 4 attested · 2 absent 0 n/a · 23 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 XPlace CardSolanaSettles in USDC · stablecoin | Hybrid | 1 in NG | card spend, bank transfer | Unknown | Pontech Group L.L.C-FZ | Not observable | 5 of 11 | 16 evidenced 2 attested · 7 absent 0 n/a · 20 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Protocols for privacy-preserving transfers 16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Aleo (credits.aleo private transfers)Aleo mainnet | Self-custody | N/A: falls to the institution | N/A: falls to the institution | 2024-09-04 | Provable Inc. | Not observable | 6 (+3 partial) of 11 | 14 evidenced 0 attested · 3 absent 27 n/a · 1 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 CurvyArbitrum One | Self-custody | Absent | N/A: falls to the institution | 2026-07-28 | Curvy Tech d.o.o. Beograd | Not observable | 0 (+7 partial) of 11 | 18 evidenced 0 attested · 5 absent 4 n/a · 18 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Aztec (Alpha mainnet private token transfers)Aztec mainnet (Alpha) | Self-custody | Absent | N/A: falls to the institution | 2025-11-13 | Spilsbury Holdings Limited (trading as Aztec Labs) | Not observable | 3 (+5 partial) of 11 | 13 evidenced 0 attested · 4 absent 27 n/a · 1 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Blanksquare (Shielder)Base | Self-custody | Absent | N/A: falls to the institution | 2025-07-23 | Common Labs Inc. | Unknown | 1 (+6 partial) of 11 | 13 evidenced 0 attested · 5 absent 20 n/a · 7 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 FluidkeyBase | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 0 (+5 partial) of 11 | 5 evidenced 0 attested · 6 absent 0 n/a · 34 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 AnomaPayBNB Chain | Hybrid | Absent | N/A: falls to the institution | 2026-03-05 | Anoma Stiftung (Anoma Foundation) | Unknown | 4 (+3 partial) of 11 | 16 evidenced 1 attested · 5 absent 0 n/a · 23 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 zERC20 (zBNB on BNB Chain)BNB Chain | Self-custody | Absent | N/A: falls to the institution | 2026-02-04 | Ryodan Systems AG | Unknown | 1 (+5 partial) of 11 | 14 evidenced 0 attested · 5 absent 5 n/a · 21 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 HinkalEthereum | Self-custody | Absent | N/A: falls to the institution | 2026-07-16 | Novelty Today, Inc. | Not observable | 0 (+4 partial) of 11 | 18 evidenced 0 attested · 7 absent 4 n/a · 16 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Privacy Pools (0xbow)Ethereum | Self-custody | Absent | N/A: falls to the institution | 2025-03-29 | Unknown | Unknown | 5 (+4 partial) of 11 | 16 evidenced 0 attested · 4 absent 4 n/a · 21 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 RailgunEthereum | Self-custody | N/A: falls to the institution | N/A: falls to the institution | 2022-05-01 | Absent | Unknown | 0 (+9 partial) of 11 | 12 evidenced 0 attested · 3 absent 29 n/a · 1 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Tornado Cash (Classic pools)Ethereum | Self-custody | N/A: falls to the institution | N/A: falls to the institution | 2019-12-16 | Absent | Unknown | 0 (+8 partial) of 11 | 10 evidenced 0 attested · 4 absent 31 n/a · 0 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Umbra CashEthereum | Self-custody | Absent | N/A: falls to the institution | 2021-04-30 | ScopeLift (Pennsylvania limited liability company) | Unknown | 0 (+4 partial) of 11 | 9 evidenced 0 attested · 8 absent 26 n/a · 2 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 WORM (BETH proof-of-burn)Ethereum | Self-custody | Absent | N/A: falls to the institution | 2026-02-11 | Absent | Not observable | 0 (+6 partial) of 11 | 10 evidenced 0 attested · 6 absent 27 n/a · 2 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 MoneroMonero mainnet | Self-custody | N/A: falls to the institution | N/A: falls to the institution | 2014-04-18 | Absent | Not observable | 4 (+2 partial) of 11 | 9 evidenced 0 attested · 6 absent 29 n/a · 1 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Tongo (confidential ERC-20 on Starknet)Starknet | Self-custody | Absent | N/A: falls to the institution | 2026-07-13 | Absent | Not observable | 3 (+3 partial) of 11 | 7 evidenced 0 attested · 6 absent 30 n/a · 2 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zcash (shielded transfers)Zcash mainnet | Self-custody | N/A: falls to the institution | N/A: falls to the institution | 2016-10-28 | Zcash Foundation | Not observable | 2 (+9 partial) of 11 | 13 evidenced 0 attested · 1 absent 30 n/a · 1 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Incumbent baseline 17 About the baseline | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Avalanche CardOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT, AVAX +1 · stablecoin, native token, other token | Unknown | Attested | card spend | 2025-02-12 | Rain Liquidity LLC | Not verifiable | Unknown | 12 evidenced 3 attested · 0 absent 0 n/a · 30 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Avici CardOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin | Unknown | Attested | card spend, atm, bank transfer | 2024-12-05 | Avici Inc | Not verifiable | Unknown | 15 evidenced 2 attested · 0 absent 0 n/a · 28 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 COCA CardOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin | Unknown | Unknown | card spend, atm, bank transfer | 2023-11-04 | CCA Labs FZCO | Not verifiable | Unknown | 8 evidenced 1 attested · 0 absent 0 n/a · 36 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Deblock CardOff-chainSettles in USDC, EURC, BTC +2 · stablecoin, native token | Provider-custodial | 2 in FR | card spend, atm, bank transfer | 2023-11-22 | Deblock SAS | Not verifiable | Unknown | 7 evidenced 0 attested · 0 absent 0 n/a · 38 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 HesabPayOff-chain | Provider-custodial | 1 in AF | cash agent, bank transfer, atm | Unknown | HesabPay, Inc. | Not verifiable | Unknown | 7 evidenced 1 attested · 0 absent 0 n/a · 37 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Houdini SwapOff-chain | Provider-custodial | Unknown | exchange | Unknown | Unknown | Not verifiable | 0 (+3 partial) of 11 | 14 evidenced 0 attested · 10 absent 1 n/a · 20 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Hyperbeat CardOff-chainSettles in beatUSD, USDC · platform token, stablecoin | Hybrid | Attested | card spend, atm, bank transfer | 2026-04-08 | Zoeion Ltd Corporation | Not verifiable | Unknown | 12 evidenced 0 attested · 0 absent 0 n/a · 33 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Jupiter CardOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT · stablecoin | Provider-custodial | Attested | card spend, atm, bank transfer | Unknown | Unknown | Not verifiable | Unknown | 14 evidenced 3 attested · 0 absent 0 n/a · 28 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 M-PesaOff-chain | Provider-custodial | 1 in KE | mobile money | 2007-03-01 | Safaricom PLC | Not verifiable | 0 (+4 partial) of 11 | 10 evidenced 0 attested · 7 absent 0 n/a · 28 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 NullmaskOff-chain | Provider-custodial | Absent | N/A: falls to the institution | 2026-02-03 | Attested | Not verifiable | Unknown | 13 evidenced 1 attested · 1 absent 0 n/a · 30 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Oobit CardOff-chainSettles in USDT, USDC, USDR +18 · stablecoin, native token, other token | Provider-custodial | Attested | card spend, atm, bank transfer | 2019-01-01 | Oobit Technologies UAB | Not verifiable | Unknown | 11 evidenced 1 attested · 0 absent 0 n/a · 33 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Opera MiniPayOff-chain | Self-custody | Unknown | exchange | 2023-09-13 | Blueboard Limited | Not verifiable | Unknown | 7 evidenced 0 attested · 0 absent 3 n/a · 35 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Phantom CashOff-chainSettles in CASH · platform token | Hybrid | 1 in US | card spend, bank transfer, exchange | 2025-09-30 | Phantom Technologies, Inc. | Not verifiable | Unknown | 8 evidenced 0 attested · 0 absent 0 n/a · 37 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Rizon CardOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT · stablecoin | Unknown | Attested | card spend, atm, bank transfer | 2025-04-30 | Rizon Global, Inc. | Not verifiable | Unknown | 14 evidenced 3 attested · 0 absent 0 n/a · 28 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Solayer Card (Emerald Card / Solayer Pay)Off-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin | Provider-custodial | Unknown | card spend, atm | 2025-04-11 | Unknown | Not verifiable | Unknown | 7 evidenced 0 attested · 1 absent 0 n/a · 37 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 TriaOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin | Hybrid | Attested | card spend, atm | 2025-10-31 | Threely Dimensions Inc. | Not verifiable | Unknown | 7 evidenced 1 attested · 0 absent 0 n/a · 37 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 WiseOff-chain | Provider-custodial | 1 in GB | bank transfer, atm | 2011-01-01 | Wise Payments Limited | Not verifiable | 1 (+1 partial) of 11 | 19 evidenced 1 attested · 9 absent 0 n/a · 16 unknown | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Group B controls are derived from a UN humanitarian agency's vendor requirements (software development practices and Authority-to-Operate controls). They record the provider's position against each control; they are not a judgment that an institution must require it.