Payment Rails CROPS Dashboard
Unaudited, unvetted, experimental. Do not use as a reference. AI-researched ratings that may be wrong; not advice or a statement of fact about any provider. Full disclaimer
Pending review. 1150 of 1150 ratings not yet checked by a human. Do not rely on unreviewed ratings.

Criterion by criterion

Compare

Every criterion for every provider, one table per pillar, or only the providers you choose. The first column repeats the pillar rating; select any rating for the finding and evidence behind it.

3 Strong
Property fully held and verified from code or chain
2 Partial
Held, with a bounded and disclosed compromise
1 Weak
Weakly held, or supported by documents only
0 Fails
Absent, only claimed, or disproven
No evidence
Nobody has submitted checkable evidence yet. Counts as 0.
Show

Censorship Resistance

Who can block valid use, and can users route around them?

ProviderPillarAdmin pause or freeze powersC1Settle without the providerC2Reliance on hosted servicesC3Neutral settlement, disclosed filteringC4Token and chain freeze risks disclosedC5
Checkout and invoicing 3
Coinbase Commerce (Onchain Payment Protocol)BaseBase0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong1 Weak2 Partial2 Partial
Daimo PayBaseBase0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak2 Partial
Request NetworkBaseBase0 Fails1 Weak3 Strong2 Partial3 Strong0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Cards 14
Bitget Wallet CardArbitrum OneArbitrum OneSettles in USD24, EUR24, CHF24 +1 · platform token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
SafePal CardArbitrum OneArbitrum OneSettles in USD24, EUR24, CHF24 +1 · platform token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
Ethena PayAvalanche C-ChainAvalanche C-ChainSettles in USDe, USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak2 Partial
Tuyo CardBaseBaseSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak1 Weak
Wirex OneBaseBaseSettles in WUSD, WEUR · platform token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak2 Partial
Holyheld CardEthereumEthereumSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Payy CardEthereumEthereumSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak2 Partial
Gnosis PayGnosis ChainGGnosis ChainSettles in EURe, GBPe, USDC.e · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak2 Partial
MetaMask CardLineaLineaSettles in USDC, USDT, WETH +5 · stablecoin, other token, platform token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak2 Partial
ether.fi CashOP MainnetOPOP MainnetSettles in USDC, USDT, EURC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak2 Partial
Exa CardOP MainnetOPOP MainnetSettles in USDC, exaUSDC · stablecoin, other token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak2 Partial
Plasma OnePlasmaPPlasmaSettles in USDT0 · stablecoin0 Fails Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak2 Partial
Fuse CardSolanaSolanaSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak2 Partial
XPlace CardSolanaSolanaSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak1 Weak
Protocols for privacy-preserving transfers 16
Aleo (credits.aleo private transfers)AleoAAleo mainnet1 Weak1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial
CurvyArbitrum OneArbitrum One0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak2 Partial
Aztec (Alpha mainnet private token transfers)AztecAztec mainnet (Alpha)0 Fails2 Partial2 Partial3 Strong2 Partial0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Blanksquare (Shielder)BaseBase0 Fails1 Weak3 Strong3 Strong1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
FluidkeyBaseBase0 Fails3 Strong2 Partial0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
AnomaPayBNB ChainBNB Chain1 Weak1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)
zERC20 (zBNB on BNB Chain)BNB ChainBNB Chain0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak2 Partial
HinkalEthereumEthereum1 Weak1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)
Privacy Pools (0xbow)EthereumEthereum0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak2 Partial
RailgunEthereumEthereum0 Fails2 Partial3 Strong3 Strong3 Strong0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Tornado Cash (Classic pools)EthereumEthereum No evidence3 Strong3 Strong3 Strong2 Partial Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift
Umbra CashEthereumEthereum0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong3 Strong2 Partial0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
WORM (BETH proof-of-burn)EthereumEthereum2 Partial3 Strong3 Strong3 Strong2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)
MoneroMoneroMMonero mainnet2 Partial2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)
Tongo (confidential ERC-20 on Starknet)StarknetSStarknet1 Weak2 Partial2 Partial3 Strong2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)
Zcash (shielded transfers)ZcashZZcash mainnet2 Partial2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)
Incumbent baseline 17 About the baseline
Avalanche CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT, AVAX +1 · stablecoin, native token, other token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Avici CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
COCA CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Deblock CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, EURC, BTC +2 · stablecoin, native token0 Fails No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
HesabPayOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Houdini SwapOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
Hyperbeat CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in beatUSD, USDC · platform token, stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Jupiter CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT · stablecoin0 Fails No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift
M-PesaOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
NullmaskOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Oobit CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDT, USDC, USDR +18 · stablecoin, native token, other token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak1 Weak
Opera MiniPayOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak1 Weak
Phantom CashOff-chainOff-chainSettles in CASH · platform token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Rizon CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Solayer Card (Emerald Card / Solayer Pay)Off-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak1 Weak
TriaOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak1 Weak
WiseOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)

Open

Is the whole stack visible?

ProviderPillarContracts verified onchainO1Whole stack publishedO2Can be self-hostedO3Interfaces and data exportO4
Checkout and invoicing 3
Coinbase Commerce (Onchain Payment Protocol)BaseBase1 Weak2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)
Daimo PayBaseBase0 Fails2 Partial1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
Request NetworkBaseBase1 Weak2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
Cards 14
Bitget Wallet CardArbitrum OneArbitrum OneSettles in USD24, EUR24, CHF24 +1 · platform token No evidence2 Partial1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
SafePal CardArbitrum OneArbitrum OneSettles in USD24, EUR24, CHF24 +1 · platform token No evidence2 Partial1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
Ethena PayAvalanche C-ChainAvalanche C-ChainSettles in USDe, USDC · stablecoin0 Fails1 Weak1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
Tuyo CardBaseBaseSettles in USDC · stablecoin No evidence1 Weak1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Wirex OneBaseBaseSettles in WUSD, WEUR · platform token0 Fails1 Weak1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
Holyheld CardEthereumEthereumSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Payy CardEthereumEthereumSettles in USDC · stablecoin1 Weak2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)
Gnosis PayGnosis ChainGGnosis ChainSettles in EURe, GBPe, USDC.e · stablecoin1 Weak2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
MetaMask CardLineaLineaSettles in USDC, USDT, WETH +5 · stablecoin, other token, platform token1 Weak2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)
ether.fi CashOP MainnetOPOP MainnetSettles in USDC, USDT, EURC · stablecoin No evidence Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift1 Weak1 Weak1 Weak
Exa CardOP MainnetOPOP MainnetSettles in USDC, exaUSDC · stablecoin, other token1 Weak1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
Plasma OnePlasmaPPlasmaSettles in USDT0 · stablecoin0 Fails1 Weak1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
Fuse CardSolanaSolanaSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
XPlace CardSolanaSolanaSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails1 Weak1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Protocols for privacy-preserving transfers 16
Aleo (credits.aleo private transfers)AleoAAleo mainnet1 Weak2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
CurvyArbitrum OneArbitrum One1 Weak1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)
Aztec (Alpha mainnet private token transfers)AztecAztec mainnet (Alpha)1 Weak2 Partial3 Strong1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
Blanksquare (Shielder)BaseBase1 Weak2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)
FluidkeyBaseBase0 Fails2 Partial1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
AnomaPayBNB ChainBNB Chain0 Fails2 Partial1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
zERC20 (zBNB on BNB Chain)BNB ChainBNB Chain0 Fails1 Weak1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
HinkalEthereumEthereum0 Fails2 Partial1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
Privacy Pools (0xbow)EthereumEthereum No evidence Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift2 Partial1 Weak2 Partial
RailgunEthereumEthereum1 Weak2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
Tornado Cash (Classic pools)EthereumEthereum1 Weak1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
Umbra CashEthereumEthereum1 Weak2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
WORM (BETH proof-of-burn)EthereumEthereum1 Weak2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
MoneroMoneroMMonero mainnet No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong1 Weak2 Partial
Tongo (confidential ERC-20 on Starknet)StarknetSStarknet No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak1 Weak2 Partial
Zcash (shielded transfers)ZcashZZcash mainnet No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong1 Weak2 Partial
Incumbent baseline 17 About the baseline
Avalanche CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT, AVAX +1 · stablecoin, native token, other token0 Fails No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Avici CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
COCA CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Deblock CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, EURC, BTC +2 · stablecoin, native token No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
HesabPayOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
Houdini SwapOff-chainOff-chain No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
Hyperbeat CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in beatUSD, USDC · platform token, stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Jupiter CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT · stablecoin0 Fails No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
M-PesaOff-chainOff-chain No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
NullmaskOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift
Oobit CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDT, USDC, USDR +18 · stablecoin, native token, other token0 Fails No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Opera MiniPayOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
Phantom CashOff-chainOff-chainSettles in CASH · platform token No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating) Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Rizon CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT · stablecoin No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Solayer Card (Emerald Card / Solayer Pay)Off-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
TriaOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
WiseOff-chainOff-chain No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak

Free

Does the license actually let a third party fork, modify, and run it?

ProviderPillarOpen-source licencesF1Protection against relicensingF2No proprietary dependenciesF3
Checkout and invoicing 3
Coinbase Commerce (Onchain Payment Protocol)BaseBase0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial1 Weak
Daimo PayBaseBase0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Request NetworkBaseBase2 Partial2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)
Cards 14
Bitget Wallet CardArbitrum OneArbitrum OneSettles in USD24, EUR24, CHF24 +1 · platform token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
SafePal CardArbitrum OneArbitrum OneSettles in USD24, EUR24, CHF24 +1 · platform token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Ethena PayAvalanche C-ChainAvalanche C-ChainSettles in USDe, USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Tuyo CardBaseBaseSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Wirex OneBaseBaseSettles in WUSD, WEUR · platform token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Holyheld CardEthereumEthereumSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Payy CardEthereumEthereumSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Gnosis PayGnosis ChainGGnosis ChainSettles in EURe, GBPe, USDC.e · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
MetaMask CardLineaLineaSettles in USDC, USDT, WETH +5 · stablecoin, other token, platform token0 Fails Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
ether.fi CashOP MainnetOPOP MainnetSettles in USDC, USDT, EURC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Exa CardOP MainnetOPOP MainnetSettles in USDC, exaUSDC · stablecoin, other token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Plasma OnePlasmaPPlasmaSettles in USDT0 · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Fuse CardSolanaSolanaSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
XPlace CardSolanaSolanaSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Protocols for privacy-preserving transfers 16
Aleo (credits.aleo private transfers)AleoAAleo mainnet0 Fails3 Strong0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
CurvyArbitrum OneArbitrum One0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Aztec (Alpha mainnet private token transfers)AztecAztec mainnet (Alpha)0 Fails2 Partial0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
Blanksquare (Shielder)BaseBase2 Partial3 Strong2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)
FluidkeyBaseBase0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
AnomaPayBNB ChainBNB Chain0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial1 Weak
zERC20 (zBNB on BNB Chain)BNB ChainBNB Chain0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
HinkalEthereumEthereum0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Privacy Pools (0xbow)EthereumEthereum0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift1 Weak
RailgunEthereumEthereum0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial2 Partial
Tornado Cash (Classic pools)EthereumEthereum2 Partial2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)
Umbra CashEthereumEthereum2 Partial2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)
WORM (BETH proof-of-burn)EthereumEthereum0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial2 Partial
MoneroMoneroMMonero mainnet2 Partial3 Strong3 Strong2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)
Tongo (confidential ERC-20 on Starknet)StarknetSStarknet2 Partial3 Strong2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)
Zcash (shielded transfers)ZcashZZcash mainnet0 Fails3 Strong0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
Incumbent baseline 17 About the baseline
Avalanche CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT, AVAX +1 · stablecoin, native token, other token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Avici CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
COCA CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Deblock CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, EURC, BTC +2 · stablecoin, native token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
HesabPayOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Houdini SwapOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Hyperbeat CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in beatUSD, USDC · platform token, stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Jupiter CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
M-PesaOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
NullmaskOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Oobit CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDT, USDC, USDR +18 · stablecoin, native token, other token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Opera MiniPayOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Phantom CashOff-chainOff-chainSettles in CASH · platform token No evidence Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift No evidence (sets the pillar rating) Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift
Rizon CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Solayer Card (Emerald Card / Solayer Pay)Off-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
TriaOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
WiseOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)

Privacy

What can an observer learn, and did the user knowingly choose it?

ProviderPillarTracking and analyticsP1Data collected beyond paymentP2Payments linkable onchainP3Third parties in the payment flowP4Endpoints can be changedP5
Checkout and invoicing 3
Coinbase Commerce (Onchain Payment Protocol)BaseBase1 Weak1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
Daimo PayBaseBase1 Weak1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
Request NetworkBaseBase0 Fails1 Weak1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial3 Strong
Cards 14
Bitget Wallet CardArbitrum OneArbitrum OneSettles in USD24, EUR24, CHF24 +1 · platform token No evidence1 Weak1 Weak1 Weak1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
SafePal CardArbitrum OneArbitrum OneSettles in USD24, EUR24, CHF24 +1 · platform token No evidence1 Weak1 Weak1 Weak1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Ethena PayAvalanche C-ChainAvalanche C-ChainSettles in USDe, USDC · stablecoin No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak1 Weak1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Tuyo CardBaseBaseSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails1 Weak1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Wirex OneBaseBaseSettles in WUSD, WEUR · platform token0 Fails1 Weak1 Weak1 Weak1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Holyheld CardEthereumEthereumSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails1 Weak1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Payy CardEthereumEthereumSettles in USDC · stablecoin No evidence1 Weak1 Weak3 Strong1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Gnosis PayGnosis ChainGGnosis ChainSettles in EURe, GBPe, USDC.e · stablecoin1 Weak1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
MetaMask CardLineaLineaSettles in USDC, USDT, WETH +5 · stablecoin, other token, platform token0 Fails1 Weak1 Weak2 Partial1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
ether.fi CashOP MainnetOPOP MainnetSettles in USDC, USDT, EURC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak1 Weak1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Exa CardOP MainnetOPOP MainnetSettles in USDC, exaUSDC · stablecoin, other token0 Fails1 Weak1 Weak2 Partial1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Plasma OnePlasmaPPlasmaSettles in USDT0 · stablecoin No evidence1 Weak1 Weak2 Partial1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Fuse CardSolanaSolanaSettles in USDC · stablecoin No evidence1 Weak1 Weak2 Partial1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
XPlace CardSolanaSolanaSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails1 Weak1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Protocols for privacy-preserving transfers 16
Aleo (credits.aleo private transfers)AleoAAleo mainnet2 Partial2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong3 Strong2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong
CurvyArbitrum OneArbitrum One1 Weak1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
Aztec (Alpha mainnet private token transfers)AztecAztec mainnet (Alpha)2 Partial2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong
Blanksquare (Shielder)BaseBase1 Weak1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial
FluidkeyBaseBase No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak2 Partial1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
AnomaPayBNB ChainBNB Chain No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak2 Partial1 Weak1 Weak
zERC20 (zBNB on BNB Chain)BNB ChainBNB Chain1 Weak1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)
HinkalEthereumEthereum0 Fails1 Weak1 Weak2 Partial1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Privacy Pools (0xbow)EthereumEthereum1 Weak1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong2 Partial2 Partial
RailgunEthereumEthereum0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong3 Strong2 Partial2 Partial
Tornado Cash (Classic pools)EthereumEthereum2 Partial2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong3 Strong2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)
Umbra CashEthereumEthereum2 Partial2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)
WORM (BETH proof-of-burn)EthereumEthereum0 Fails2 Partial1 Weak2 Partial1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
MoneroMoneroMMonero mainnet2 Partial2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong3 Strong2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong
Tongo (confidential ERC-20 on Starknet)StarknetSStarknet1 Weak2 Partial3 Strong1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial2 Partial
Zcash (shielded transfers)ZcashZZcash mainnet2 Partial2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong3 Strong2 Partial (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong
Incumbent baseline 17 About the baseline
Avalanche CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT, AVAX +1 · stablecoin, native token, other token No evidence1 Weak1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Avici CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin No evidence1 Weak1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
COCA CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin No evidence1 Weak1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Deblock CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, EURC, BTC +2 · stablecoin, native token No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
HesabPayOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Houdini SwapOff-chainOff-chain No evidence1 Weak1 Weak1 Weak1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Hyperbeat CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in beatUSD, USDC · platform token, stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Jupiter CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT · stablecoin No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
M-PesaOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
NullmaskOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails No evidence (sets the pillar rating) Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Oobit CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDT, USDC, USDR +18 · stablecoin, native token, other token0 Fails1 Weak1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Opera MiniPayOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Phantom CashOff-chainOff-chainSettles in CASH · platform token No evidence1 Weak1 Weak Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Rizon CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT · stablecoin No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Solayer Card (Emerald Card / Solayer Pay)Off-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
TriaOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin No evidence1 Weak1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
WiseOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)

Security

Who can cause loss, lock users in, or change the rules?

ProviderPillarWho holds funds in transitS1Who can upgrade the codeS2Token approval scopeS3Funds safe if provider disappearsS4DerivedSecrets and webhook handlingS5Audits and bug bountyS6
Checkout and invoicing 3
Coinbase Commerce (Onchain Payment Protocol)BaseBase0 Fails3 Strong3 Strong3 Strong2 Partial2 Partial0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Daimo PayBaseBase0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong3 Strong0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Request NetworkBaseBase0 Fails1 Weak1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial2 Partial0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Cards 14
Bitget Wallet CardArbitrum OneArbitrum OneSettles in USD24, EUR24, CHF24 +1 · platform token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
SafePal CardArbitrum OneArbitrum OneSettles in USD24, EUR24, CHF24 +1 · platform token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Ethena PayAvalanche C-ChainAvalanche C-ChainSettles in USDe, USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak1 Weak1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Tuyo CardBaseBaseSettles in USDC · stablecoin No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Wirex OneBaseBaseSettles in WUSD, WEUR · platform token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Holyheld CardEthereumEthereumSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Payy CardEthereumEthereumSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak2 Partial0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Gnosis PayGnosis ChainGGnosis ChainSettles in EURe, GBPe, USDC.e · stablecoin1 Weak1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)
MetaMask CardLineaLineaSettles in USDC, USDT, WETH +5 · stablecoin, other token, platform token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong1 Weak2 Partial1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
ether.fi CashOP MainnetOPOP MainnetSettles in USDC, USDT, EURC · stablecoin No evidence1 Weak2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial
Exa CardOP MainnetOPOP MainnetSettles in USDC, exaUSDC · stablecoin, other token0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak1 Weak2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak
Plasma OnePlasmaPPlasmaSettles in USDT0 · stablecoin0 Fails Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Fuse CardSolanaSolanaSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)3 Strong1 Weak1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
XPlace CardSolanaSolanaSettles in USDC · stablecoin No evidence1 Weak2 Partial No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Protocols for privacy-preserving transfers 16
Aleo (credits.aleo private transfers)AleoAAleo mainnet No evidence2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak2 Partial No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
CurvyArbitrum OneArbitrum One No evidence1 Weak1 Weak2 Partial1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
Aztec (Alpha mainnet private token transfers)AztecAztec mainnet (Alpha)1 Weak2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)
Blanksquare (Shielder)BaseBase1 Weak1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)
FluidkeyBaseBase No evidence3 Strong3 Strong2 Partial2 Partial No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
AnomaPayBNB ChainBNB Chain0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak2 Partial1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
zERC20 (zBNB on BNB Chain)BNB ChainBNB Chain0 Fails1 Weak1 Weak1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
HinkalEthereumEthereum0 Fails1 Weak2 Partial1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
Privacy Pools (0xbow)EthereumEthereum1 Weak1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial
RailgunEthereumEthereum0 Fails2 Partial2 Partial0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial3 Strong1 Weak
Tornado Cash (Classic pools)EthereumEthereum1 Weak3 Strong3 Strong1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)
Umbra CashEthereumEthereum0 Fails3 Strong3 Strong0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak
WORM (BETH proof-of-burn)EthereumEthereum1 Weak3 Strong3 Strong2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)
MoneroMoneroMMonero mainnet1 Weak2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)
Tongo (confidential ERC-20 on Starknet)StarknetSStarknet1 Weak2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial1 Weak (sets the pillar rating)
Zcash (shielded transfers)ZcashZZcash mainnet No evidence2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial2 Partial No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Incumbent baseline 17 About the baseline
Avalanche CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT, AVAX +1 · stablecoin, native token, other token No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Avici CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
COCA CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Deblock CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, EURC, BTC +2 · stablecoin, native token0 Fails1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
HesabPayOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Houdini SwapOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Hyperbeat CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in beatUSD, USDC · platform token, stablecoin0 Fails1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak
Jupiter CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT · stablecoin0 Fails1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
M-PesaOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
NullmaskOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)
Oobit CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDT, USDC, USDR +18 · stablecoin, native token, other token No evidence1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Opera MiniPayOff-chainOff-chain No evidence1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Phantom CashOff-chainOff-chainSettles in CASH · platform token No evidence Under review (sets the pillar rating)Drift No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Rizon CardOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC, USDT · stablecoin No evidence No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
Solayer Card (Emerald Card / Solayer Pay)Off-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin0 Fails1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
TriaOff-chainOff-chainSettles in USDC · stablecoin No evidence1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)
WiseOff-chainOff-chain0 Fails1 Weak No evidence (sets the pillar rating) No evidence (sets the pillar rating)0 Fails (sets the pillar rating)2 Partial No evidence (sets the pillar rating)

Cells with a dark outline set the pillar rating. Incumbent rails have no public chain settlement and no public code. They are scored with the same rubric as every other row. Their low ratings show the verifiability gap between rails whose behaviour can be inspected and rails whose behaviour must be trusted; that gap is the point of the comparison, not a claim that the incumbent is unsafe.